Abstract

From the beginning, the Ottoman Empire sought to exclude the Mamluks from the rule of Iraq, which continued for nearly eighty years while they monopolized the rule for themselves and tried to distance the Sublime Porte from their control over Baghdad. Some governors were so influenced by the rule that they did not send the necessary funds to Istanbul, and the matter reached the point that some of the governors Not only did they defy the Sultan’s orders, but they even assassinated their envoys. Despite this, the relationship between the Ottoman authorities and the governors of Baghdad remained nominally linked to the Sultan, and from here the Ottoman Empire sent its envoy, Halat Muhammad Saeed Effendi, the politician and diplomat, to the governorate of Baghdad to work on restoring matters to what they were. He had previously imposed on him or excluded its governor, Suleiman Pasha al-Saghir, 1808-1810 AD, who had abandoned the payment of the money he owed and disparaged the governors who had preceded him in ruling Baghdad, and who pledged to pay it when he had been installed as governor of Baghdad, and the case of an effendi carrying a decree from the Sultan without mentioning the name of the person who would pay it. He helps him with it, and from here the Sublime Porte took advantage of the opportunity to restore direct rule over Iraq, or at least to limit the authority of the Mamluks.