Abstract

Historical criticism is one of the critical approaches that studies the text from outside the literary text and is more concerned with the external factors that play an important role in the structure of the text and is interested in the historical dimension in the text. Among the critical approaches or theories of this critical approach, there is a critical approach or theory led by the French critic (Hippolyte Adolphe Taine), which explains literary texts in terms of three inevitable natural laws or elements such as: race, time and environment. (Taine) believes that literary texts are the result of the effects of these laws and three elements, which affect, on the one hand, the emergence of literary texts within the framework of a system of natural laws and subject them to this system; like any other system. On the other hand, (as Taine pointed out), they can be considered critical standards and principles in the process of studying the literary text, and the critic must adhere to these factors and three laws and study the author and the literary text as two basic pillars of the literary creativity process from the perspective of the three laws and elements.