Abstract

Abstract:
The research explores British policy towards Egypt from 1914 to 1945, divided into two main sections. The first section, British Policy Towards Egypt 1914-1939, examines Britain’s efforts to establish dominance over Egypt by influencing its neutrality during World War I. Britain aimed to annex Egypt as a colony, end Ottoman sovereignty, and establish British protection. Given Egypt's weak authority, Britain exploited its political fragility, ensuring control over key political leaders. Following the 1919 revolution, Britain adjusted its policy, utilizing its influence to alter governments and secure its own interests, thus reinforcing its control.
The second section, British Policy Towards Egypt 1939-1945, addresses the strategic importance of Egypt during World War II. The Suez Canal became a critical asset for Britain in controlling East-West trade routes. With the 1936 Treaty of Friendship and Alliance, Egypt turned into a battleground between the Allies and the Axis powers. Britain imposed martial law, requisitioned supplies for its military, and increased surveillance of German and Italian diplomatic missions. The research highlights Britain’s strategic use of Egyptian ports, desert roads, and railways to facilitate military operations and logistics during the war.
Drawing from a variety of Arab sources and international political studies, including works by Abdul Aleem Ramadan, Yunan Labib Rizk, and others, the research provides an in-depth examination of the historical context. The conclusion reflects on the significance of British policies towards Egypt during this pivotal period in the nation's history, shaping the course of Egyptian-British relations during the 20th century.