Abstract

This research, titled “The Causes of Pessimism in the Poetry of Ahmed Herdi,” deals directly with psychology. It generally discusses pessimism as a psychological illness and pessimism in modern literature, examining the causes and emotions that lead to such thinking. The study addresses the influence of Arabic Romanticism and literary groups, particularly the poets of the Mahjar and Apollo groups, in fostering Ahmed Herdi’s pessimistic sentiments. It explores the nature of this influence in his poetry, with particular emphasis on the causes of pessimism in Ahmed Herdi’s poems, revealing the causes and types of pessimism in the creation of his poetry. Some causes relate to the poet himself, while others relate to his surrounding environment.This research consists of two parts, each containing two sections as follows:Part One: Discusses pessimism as a psychological illness, examining its causes, types, and methods from a psychological perspective, showing how it begins as a psychological problem. The second section discusses the phenomenon of pessimism in modern Kurdish poetry in general.Part Two: Examines the influence of Arabic Romanticism in fostering his pessimistic feelings. The second section presents a practical analysis identifying pessimism in Herdi’s poetry and the causes of pessimism in the poet, which we have identified as three main causes: (tragic and unfortunate events, the nation’s political, nationality, economic, and social conditions, and failure in love). Each of these causes is examined in detail through his poetry.